《园林树木学西农--吉文丽》community developmentule of landscape tree.pptVIP

B Density 密度：is the number of plants per area in the community. The density of plant in community is closely correlation with the appearance of community. 如稀疏的松林与浓郁的松林有着不同的形貌。 C number of species 种类的多寡：the number of species has a big influence on the appearance of community. 例如单纯一种树木的林丛常形成高度一致的线条，而若多种树木生长在一起，则无论在群落立面上或平面上的轮廓、线条都可有不同的变化。 F Stratification of the community群落的分层现象： Communities usually have a noticeable vertical structure This vertical distribution has an effect on the amount of light that penetrates to lower layers. The gradient of light affects the vertical distribution of plants Layers or strata, e.g. trees form the canopy, smaller trees form the understory, shrubs layer, herb layer, forest floor, and subterranean layer. There are different vertical stratifications in various community. 层次少的如荒漠地区的植物常只有一层，层次多的如热带雨林中常达六、七层以上。这种层次的形成是依据植物种的高矮及不同的生态需求形成的。 CLIMAX COMMUNITY 顶级群落- A relatively stable and undisturbed plant community that has evolved through stages and adapted to its environment. CLIMAX FOREST -Plant community dominated by trees representing the culminating stage of natural succession for that specific locality and environment.CLIMAX SPECIES -Plant species that will remain essentially unchanged in terms of species composition for as long as the siteremains undisturbed. 二、 Succession群落演替 Succession: The gradual supplanting 取代of one community of plants by another, the sequence of communities being termed a sere 演替系列and each seral stage. NOTE: (1) A sere whose first stage is open water is termed a hydrosere, one whose first stage is dry ground, a xerosere. (2) Succession is primary (by pioneers) on sites that have not previously borne vegetation, secondary after the whole or part of the original vegetation has been supplanted代替; allogenic异源 when the causes of succession are external to and independent of the community (e.g., accretion of soil by wind or water, or a change of climate); and autogen