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Electrical Resistance strain gauges Stress and strain Resistance strain gauge Strain gauge electrical circuit Apparent strain and temperature compensation Stress and strain The normal stress is defined as Electrical Resistance strain gauges Metallic Strain Gauges Semiconductor Strain Gauges Metallic Strain Gauges The strain gauges are cemented to the test member and form part of the surface to which they are attached and undergo the same strain. The most common metals used for the manufacture of strain gauges are 55% Cu and 45%Ni alloy and an alloy of Ni,Cr and Fe with other minor elements. Gauges with resistances varying from 60 to 5000 are available ;120 resistance gauge is considered a standard. The safe current carried by the gauge for long periods is around 25mA,50mA is generally accepted for short periods. Gauges are available down to 0.4mm effective length, approximately 0.025mm in diameter or a metal foil 0.005mm thicker. Metallic Strain Gauges 1. Construction Measurement of Stress and Strain —Electrical Resistance strain gauges F F Cross-sectional area A The relationship between uniaxial stress and strain for this elastic behavior is expressed as Hook’s law E: the modulus of elasticity , or Young’s modulus L: length of a wire. A: cross-sectional area. : specific resistivity. Analitical theory of strain gauge Differentiating, The Resistance R is given by F F Since the cross-sectional area is： Dividing through by R gives Defining (lateral strain) ：Poisson’s ratio So Dividing through by gives (axial strain) The last term( ) represents the piezoresistive effect (压阻效应) in the material. On the right-hand side, Commercially available strain gauge specifications usually report a constant gage factor F: The first two terms ,represents the change in resistance due to increased length and decreased area. Analitical theory of strain gauge Semiconductor gauge metallic strain gauge Semiconductor gauge