戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件-Morphology.pptVIP

 英语语言学 English Linguistics  Chapter Three  Morphology 3.1 Introduction The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon. Morphology is the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. (the study of forms of words) 3.2 Open class and closed class Open class words---content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, “做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese. Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns, to which few new words can be added (e.g. the eas a new neutral third person singular pronoun has not been accepted). 3.3 Morphemes Words are the smallest free form(unit) with meaning found in language. E.g The boys left. In the sentence, the plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation. Morpheme -- the minimal unit of meaning; the smallest meaningful elements of language. They can not be further cut. It is true that the word friendship consists of 10 letters, but these letters in isolation are meaningless. The possible smallest meaningful segments of the word are friend and ship. ---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme （反对教会与国家分开学说）anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism 1) Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morpheme: the morpheme that may constitute a word by itself (which can be a word by itself), e.g boy, girl, table, nation. Bound morpheme: the morpheme that cannot occur alone as a word, e.g s indogs, al in nationa