管理学工程管理02.pptVIP

* * X理论、Y理论 X理论： 1、The average human being has an inherent dislikes of work and will avoid it if he can. 2、Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be forced，controlled，directed threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of organizational objectives. 3、The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility ,has relatively little ambitions ,wants security above all. * * X理论、Y理论 Y理论： 1、The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is an play or rest . The average human being does not inherently dislike work. 2、External control and the threat of punishment are not the only means for bringing about effort towards organizational objectives. Man will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objectives to which he is committed. 3、Commitment to objective is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. The most significant of such rewards e.g. the satisfactory of ego and self-actualization needs can be direct produces of effort directed toward organizational objectives. * * X理论、Y理论 Y理论： 4、The average human being leans under proper conditions not only to accept but also to seek responsibility. 5、The capacity to exercise a relatively high degree of imagination ingenuity an creativity in the solution of organizational problem is wildly not narrowly distributed in the population. 3、Under the condition of modern industrial life ,the intellectual potentialities of the average human being are only partially utilized. * * X理论、Y理论 X理论： 1、厌恶劳动 2、绝对控制 3、不愿负责任 Y理论： 1、喜欢劳动 2、自我管理、控制 3、自我实现需求得到满足 4、承担责任 5、创造力、想象力、 6、能力仅得到部分利用 * * 超Y理论 管理方式要由工作性质、成员素质等来决定。 1、人的需要是多种多样的， 并不断发生变化。 2、人在同一时间的需要和动机形成复杂的动机模式。 3、随条件变化会产生新的需要和动机。 4、人在不同单位和不同部门工作，会产生不同的需要。 5、没有适合于任何组织、时间和个人统一的管理方式。 * * 谢恩对人的四种假设 经济人 社会人 自我实现人 复杂人 ● 泰勒制 ● X理论 ● 人群关 系理论 ● Y理论 ● 超Y理论 * * Z理论 管理当局和职工的利益是一致的。 1、企业对职工的雇佣是长期的而不是短期的。 2、上下结合制定决策，鼓励职工参与企业的管理工作。 3、实行个人负责制。 4、上下级之间关系要融洽。 5、对职工要进