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IntlTrade2古典贸易理论
Classical Trade Theory
梁俊伟山东大学(威海) 商学院
Key Hypothesis of Classical School
Labor is the single production factor
Value is only created by Labor
Trade is made because of the differentiation of productivity, say, the technology.
Theorists
Adam Smith
有力地抨击了重商主义的主张,力主自由经济,奠定了自由贸易的理论基础。
提出了绝对优势理论,从供给角度为国际贸易理论的发展指明了方向。
Absolute Cost Absolute Advantage Trade
Defects: neglecting the trade btwn some economies that one of them take absolute advantage in all products.
David Ricardo
Relative Cost Relative Advantage Trade
Ricardo Model
Hypothesis
One factor_labor
Homogenous in different industry in one nation
Freely mobile intranationally, not internationally
Constant returns to scale
Complete competition in both product and factor market
No transportation cost and other transaction costs
2X2X1 model
Linear Production function (proof required)
AA-----Model
Qi=fi(L) (i=x,y)
X=axLx X=bxLx Lx+Ly=LA
Y=ayLy Y=byLy
axbx ayby
RA-----Model
ax/aybx/by, by/bxay/ax
What’s good if trade?
X
Y
B
B’
A’
A
Eb
Ea
Closed Economy
直线型的PPF意味着机会成本固定不变;
斜率分别为-ay/ax和-by/bx;
封闭条件下的相对价格分别为:
Pa=PXa/PYa= ay/ax;
Pb= PXb/PYb= by/bx
International Eq Price
A’
A
P1
P2
C2
C1
Ea
PW=PXw/PYw
Pw=P1Pa
Pw=P2Pa
Xa
Ya
Xa
0
aXLA-Xa
P=PX/PY
Pa
XC-XP
Xa
0
aXLA-Xa
P=PX/PY
Pa
Surplus Supply Curve of A in X
Surplus Demand Curve of B in X
Pb
Pw
International Eq Price
XC-XP
A
A’
Ca
Ea
PW
D
X
X
Y
B
B’
Cb
Eb
PW
F
Y
Trade Triangle
Trade Benefits: Aggregate Welfare
CIC of both A and B rise to a higher level
Resource Distribution
Set A as an example
Change from Y to X will save 1/aY labor and meanwhile increase X output by (1/aY ) aX. After trade at the world price, A can gain the total Y by (aX/aY)PW(why?)
(aX/aY)PW (aX/aY)Pa=1
Real Wages
Closed Economy
Complete competition makes the wage equal.
normal wage: wa=pXa.aX=pya.ay
Real wage: wa/pXa=aX wa/pYa=ay
Open Economy
normal wage: wa=pXw.aX
Real wage: wa/pXw=aX
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