Friedrich Hayek - Liberalism英文学习资料.pdfVIP

Liberalism聽 F.聽A.聽Hayek聽 INTRODUCTION聽 I.聽The聽different聽concepts聽of聽liberalism聽 The聽term聽is聽now聽used聽with聽a聽variety聽of聽meanings聽which聽have聽little聽in聽common聽beyond聽 describing聽an聽openness聽to聽new聽ideas,聽including聽some聽which聽are聽directly聽opposed聽to聽those聽 which聽are聽originally聽designated聽by聽it聽during聽the聽nineteenth聽and聽the聽earlier聽parts聽of聽the聽 twentieth聽centuries.聽What聽will聽alone聽be聽considered聽here聽is聽that聽broad聽stream聽of聽political聽 ideals聽which聽during聽that聽period聽under聽the聽name聽of聽liberalism聽operated聽as聽one聽of聽the聽most聽 influential聽intellectual聽forces聽guiding聽developments聽in聽western聽and聽central聽Europe.聽This聽 movement聽derives,聽however,聽from聽two聽distinct聽sources,聽and聽the聽two聽traditions聽to聽which聽 they聽gave聽rise,聽though聽generally聽mixed聽to聽various聽degrees,聽coexisted聽only聽in聽an聽uneasy聽 partnership聽and聽must聽be聽clearly聽distinguished聽if聽the聽development聽of聽the聽liberal聽movement聽 is聽to聽be聽understood.聽 The聽one聽tradition,聽much聽older聽than聽the聽name聽liberalism,聽traces聽back聽to聽classical聽antiquity聽 and聽took聽its聽modern聽form聽during聽the聽late聽seventeenth聽and聽the聽eighteenth聽centuries聽as聽the聽 political聽doctrines聽of聽the聽English聽Whigs.聽It聽provided聽the聽model聽of聽political聽institutions聽 which聽most聽of聽the聽European聽nineteenth颅century聽liberalism聽followed.聽It聽was聽the聽individual聽 liberty聽which聽a聽government聽under聽the聽law聽had聽secured聽to聽the聽citizens聽of聽Great聽Britain聽 which聽 inspired聽the聽movement聽 for聽 liberty聽 in聽the聽 countries聽 of聽the聽Continent聽 in聽which聽 absolutism聽had聽destroyed聽most聽of聽the聽medieval聽liberties聽which聽had聽been聽largely聽preserved聽 in聽Britain.聽These聽institutions聽were,聽however,聽interpreted聽on聽the聽Continent聽in聽the聽light聽of聽a聽 philosophical聽tradition聽very聽different聽from聽the聽evolutionary聽conceptions聽predominant聽in聽 [119]聽 Britain,聽 namely聽 of聽 it聽 rationalist聽 or聽 constructivistic聽 view聽 which聽 demanded聽 a