离散数学杨争锋ch071.pptxVIP

§8.1 Relations and their properties Introduction (a) Definition (page 519) Let A and B be two sets. A binary relation (二元关系) from A to B is a subset of A×B. We use the following notations: a R b(a,b)∈R If (a,b) ∈R, a is said to be related to b by R( a 和 b有关系 R）. How to express that (a,b) is not in R? 牛牛文库文档分享 (2) Examples (page 472) (a) Example 1 Athe set of students in your school Bthe set of courses Rrelation (a,b)∈R a is a student enrolled in course b. 牛牛文库文档分享 (b) Example 2 Athe set of all cities Bthe set of 50 states in USA Rrelation (a,b)∈Rcity a is in state b (c) Example 3 A={0,1,2} B={a,b} R={(0,a), (0,b), (1,a), (2,b)} 牛牛文库文档分享 (3) Relations can be represented graphically. Relations can also be represented using a table. Please see page 520. 牛牛文库文档分享 (4) Question If |A|=m, |B|=n, How many relations from are there from A to B? Solution: 2m×n (why?) 牛牛文库文档分享 2. Functions as relations (1) From functions to relations function f from A to B assigning exactly one element of B to each element of A the graph of f (a) the set of ordered pairs (a,b), (b) a subset of A×B a relation from A to B 牛牛文库文档分享 The properties of a graph of function f every element of A is the first element of exactly one ordered pair of the graph. 牛牛文库文档分享 (2) From relation to function If R is a relation from A to B such that every element in A is the first element of exactly one ordered pair of R, then a function can be defined with R as its graph; i.e., for any a∈A, f(a)=b such that (a,b)∈R. 牛牛文库文档分享 (3) A relation can be used to express a one to many relationship between the elements of the sets of A and B. A function represents a relation where exactly one element of B is related to each element of A. 牛牛文库文档分享 3. Relatio