传统公共行政模式-概括.docxVIP

the traditional model of public administration time: start at the mid-nineteenth century background: spoils system in US for most of the nineteenth century; early administration(pre-modern bureaucracy) ☆：UK：mid-19th Northcote-Trevelyan Report US: 1883 Civil Service Act (the Pendleton Act) Webers theory of bureaucracy 1. authority derives from the law and from rules made according to the law 2. hierarchy (not individual but position hold in strict hierarchy) 3. written documents are preserved in files (something essential) 4. administration is a specialist occupation, one deserving of thorough training 5. working in bureaucracy is a full-time occupation not secondary activity it once was 6. the management of the office follows general rules, which more or less stable, more or less exhausive, and which can be learned Weber：the position of the official 1. distinct social esteem as compared with the governed 2. the pure type of bureaucratic official is appointed by a superior authority. an official elected by the governed is not a purely bureaucratic figure 3. the position is held for life 4. ? 5. normally fixed salary and pension 6. career: from lower less important and lower paid to higher position Wilson and political control (the end of 19th~the early of 20th ) 1. there is a clear relationship of accountability and reponsibility ? 2. there is a strict separation between matters of policy (the politics/administration dichotomy) 3.the administration is presumed to be anonymous and neutral Taylor：scientific management (early 20th century) 1. time-and-motion studies to decide a standard for working 2. a wage-incentive system (do more,pay more) 3. change the functional organization (fundamental change, as efficiency and science replaced ad hoc decison-making) one best way: POSDCORB planning, organizing, staffing, directing, co-ordinating(协调)， reporting, budgeting Mayo: Human Relation（1930s） the social context of the work group was the most important New P