澳洲大学石油工程讲座1.4-causes-of-back-pressure.pptVIP

Copyright Rike Service, Inc., 2004 Flowing tubing pressure, Ptf, = Flowlines Pressure drop caused by friction, and for compressible fluids, acceleration from one end to the other. ?For an all-liquid system, with length, density, and friction factor held constant: Use Horizontal Gradient Curves to Find Pressure: Select gradient curve corresponding to given conditions, Enter known pressure (Ptf or Psep) on the x-axis, Drop a line to intersect the appropriate GLR, Use Horizontal Gradient Curves to Find Pressure: From this intersection, determine “apparent length” on the y-axis, Add or subtract actual length of flowline from “apparent length,” (according to start point). Re-enter at this calculated length across to the same GLR, Read pressure scale to find the pressure corresponding to this other end of the system. Fig. 1 corresponds to given conditions. Psep is 500 psi. Draw vertical line from 500 psi to intersect 3,000 GLR. Draw horizontal line to intersect the length axis, 7,700 feet. Separator is the starting point, 7,700 + 5,000 = 12,700 ft. Draw horizontal line at 12,700 ft. to intersect 3,000 GLR line. Draw vertical line up to the pressure scale. Ptf = 640 psi at the wellhead end of the flowline. Example of paraffin or scale in dead-oil flowline ID = 2 inch ?Pfl (no scale) = 100 psi scale build up = 1/8 inch 1. From prior equation, Scale is 1/8 inch all around, so scaled up ID = 2 - (2 x 1/8) = 1.75 inch Effect of Rate Effect of Gas-Liquid Ratio Streamlined Wellhead Fittings Effect Example of fittings pressure drop: 2-? offshore flowline 400’ long has 3 gate valves, 1 check valve, 6 90° ells, 2 45° ells, 8 tees flowing away from bull plugs. Surface Chokes Protect downstream equipment from pressure surges. Increase back pressure to reduce production to prevent sand production, water or gas coning, meet legal allowables, or control reservoir drive or pressure maintenance system. Critical Flow Chokes sized so critical (sonic) flow occurs. A