分布式系统中的通信.pptVIP

分布式系统中的通信 进程间通信是一切分布式系统的核心。 分布式系统中的通信都是基于底层网络提供的低层消息传递机制的。 通过消息传递来描述通信过程比使用基于共享存储器的原语来描述要更困难。 4种广泛使用的通信模型 远程过程调用 （remote procedure call, RPC） 远程方法调用 （remote method invocation, RMI） 面向消息的中间件 （message-oriented middleware, MOM） 面向流的通信 （stream-oriented communication） Communication Protocols 由于没有共享存储器，分布式系统中的所有通信都是基于（低层）消息交换的。 Protocols are agreements/rules on communication Protocols could be connection-oriented or connectionless Layered Protocols A typical message as it appears on the network. Data Link Layer Discussion between a receiver and a sender in the data link layer. Client-Server Interaction using TCP Normal operation of TCP(常规TCP的许多开销都耗费在连接的管理上). Transactional TCP(更经济的方式). Middleware Protocols Middleware: - An application that logically lives in the application layer - Contains many general-purpose protocols that warrant（代表） their own layers - (会话层和表示层由一个单一的中间件层代替) Client-Server Communication Model Structure: group of servers offering service to clients - Servers: offer services to the users called “clients” - Clients: applications requiring services from servers - Example: Web Server/clients, File server … Why use client-server model - simplicity - low(er) overheads Client-Server Communication Model Based on a request/response paradigm - Clients send a request asking for service (e.g., a file block) - Server processes and replies with result (or error) Techniques: - Socket, Remote Procedure Calls (RPC), Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Client-Server provides a mechanism for services in distributed systems BUT - requires explicit communication (send-receive) Q: How do we make “distributed computing look like traditional (centralized) computing”? Can we use procedure calls? A calls B -A suspended, B executes -B returns, A executes ? Information from A (caller) to B (callee) transferred using parameters ? Somewhat easier since b