染色体的数量与结构的变化.pptVIP

* Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure * Possible mechanism of inversion * Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure * 2. Translocations (置换) Translocations occur when a segment from one chromosome is detached and reattached to a different (that is, nonhomologous, 非同源的) chromosome. The genetic significance is that genes from one chromosome are transferred to another. * Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure * When a pieces of two nonhomologous chromosomes are interchanged without any net loss of genetic material, the event is referred to as a reciprocal translocation (互惠置换). * Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure * Types of disjunction in a translocation heterozygote. One from adjacent disjunction in which homologous centromeres go to opposite poles during anaphase * Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure * 3. Compound Chromosomes and Robertsonian Translocations Sometimes one chromosome fuses with its homologue, or two sister chromatids become attached to each other, forming a single genetic unit. Compound chromosome (复合染色体) Compound half-chromosome (半复合染色体) 和Isochromosome (等臂染色体) Double-X or attached-X chromosome (并联X染色体) Robertsonian translocation (Robertsonian置换) * Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure * Results of a cross between a normal male and a female with attached-X chromosomes. * Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure * Formation of a metacentric Robertsonian translocation by exchange between two nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes. Chromosomes can also fuse end-to-end to form a structure with two centromeres. If one of the centromeres is inactivated, the chromosome fusion will be stable. Human chromosome 2, which is metacentric, has arms that correspond to two different chromosomes in the genomes of the great apes. * Variation in Chromosome Number and Structure * Key Points An inversion reverses the order of genes in a segment of a chromosome. A translocation interchanges segments between two nonhomologous ch