明季第一重要人物袁崇焕传-中正大学历史学系.PDF

中正歷史學刊，第 19 期 2016 年12月，頁 115-147 國立中正大學歷史研究所 明清以來袁崇煥形象演變研究 ──以梁啟超的〈明季第一重要人物袁崇煥傳〉 * 為中心 袁展聰 ** 摘 要 歷史人物的形象、評價及有關記載，往往隨時間、環境而產生變化 。例如本文研究的中心人物袁崇煥，形象變化甚大。袁崇煥的一生無疑 是充滿色彩，亦因此生前死後的評價迥異 :在寧遠之戰後的一段時間， 因為在戰場打敗了後金軍，袁崇煥被視為收復遼東的希望。然而，後金 軍在己巳之變蹂躪京畿，而明朝亦被農民起義軍推翻，崇禎帝更自殺殉 國，結局異常悲壯，明末遺民反思亡國教訓，指責袁崇煥錯殺毛文龍及 與後金談判，令後者一度成為亡國罪人。直至清中葉，《明史》的編成 及乾隆帝為平反冤案，才令袁崇煥名聲有所好轉。而在 1903 年，梁啟 超於《新民叢報》發表之〈明季第一重要人物袁崇煥傳〉，令到袁崇煥 晉身民族英雄之列。本文將追述袁崇煥的形象變化的歷史過程，指出後 者是如何從昔日的亡國罪人，成為今日的民族英雄。 關鍵詞：形象、演變、袁崇煥、梁啟超、民族英雄 * 論文修改期間，蒙業師麥勁生教授、譚家齊教授、審查人、黃飛先生及李 顯偉先生給予寶貴意見，謹此再表謝忱。 ** 香港浸會大學歷史學系博士生 115 中正歷史學刊 第 19 期 The change of Yuan Chonghuan’s image during Ming and Qing periods: Case study of Liang Qichao’s “Biography of the Most Important Figure in the Late Ming- Yuan Chonghuan” * Yuen Chin Chung Abstract The image, evaluation and related records of the figures in history vary with time and circumstances. Yuan Chonghuan was the core of this study, there was a huge change on his image on the past five hundred years. At the late Ming, the death of Yuan had been considered as a turning point of the fall of the Ming dynasty. He was also considered as the hope to recover Liaodong after the victory of Ningyuan battle. However, Later Jin’s army harassed the capital city of Ming in 1629. The rule of Ming Dynasty was overthrown by Peasant rebellion in 1644 and Emperor Chong Zhen committed suicide. Therefore, Yuan was considered as a sinner by adherents of the Ming Dynasty, because he killed Mao Wenlong wrongly and negotiated with