蛋白质的合成及六转运08.ppt

4.肽链合成后的加工 N端甲酰基或N端aa的除去： 原核生物 fMet - (aa) n Met(aa)n （aa）n or (aa)n-m 去甲酰基酶 氨肽酶 多数情况下，在肽链合成中，即当肽链的N端游离出核糖体后，立即进行去甲酰化。 真核生物N端Met常常在肽链的其他部分还未完全合成时, 就已经水解下来。 二硫键的形成 氨基酸的修饰 乙酰化、甲基化、磷酸化、羟基化、泛酸化、糖基化等 切去新生肽链中非功能所需的肽段： 如胰岛素原→胰岛素，胰蛋白酶原→胰蛋白酶，胰凝乳 蛋白酶原→胰凝乳蛋白酶 高级结构的形成 蛋白质的一级结构决定高级结构，多肽链的折叠在肽链 合成没有结束时就已经开始 （1）不需要分子伴侣（molecular chaperone） （2）需要分子伴侣 Protein Glycosylation in the ER and Golgi Complex Most plasma-membrane and secretory proteins contain one or more carbohydrate chains; indeed, the addition and subsequent processing of carbohydrates —glycosylation，is the principal chemical modification to most such proteins. Some glycosylation reactions occur in the lumen of the ER; others in the lumina of the cis-, medial-, or trans-Golgi cisternae. Thus the presence of certain carbohydrate residues on proteins provide useful markers for following their movement from the ER and through the Golgi cisternae. Golgi GlcNAc GalNAc Asn Thr/Ser/Hyl The O-linked oligosaccharides in glycophorin and many other glycoproteins are linked to the hydroxyl group in serine (Ser) and threonine residues by N- acetylgalactosamine. Collagens contain a characteristic glucose galactose di-saccharide attached to hydroxylysine (Hyl) residues. (b) The N-linked oligosaccharides found in mammalian serum glycoproteins exhibit various structures, but all contain the five sugars highlighted in purple, are branched, and are linked to the amide nitrogen of asparagine (Asn). The different structures of N- and O-linked oligosaccharides reflect differences in their biosynthesis. O-linked sugars are added one at a time, and each sugar transfer is catalyzed by a different glycosyltransferase enzyme. In contrast, biosynthesis of N-linked oligosaccharides begins with the addition of a large preformed oligosaccharide, containing 14 sugar residues; subsequently certain sugar residues are removed and others are added, one at a time, in a defin