相际扩散点与传质原理.ppt

第17章 相际扩散与传质原理 扩散是一种在物理驱动下单组分通过混合物的运动。扩散最通常的原因是扩散组分浓度梯度的存在。 A concentration gradient tends to move the component in such a direction as to equalize concentrations and destroy the gradient. 浓度梯度驱使扩散组分朝着使浓度均匀化的方向移动，使浓度梯度消失。 When the gradient is maintained by constantly supplying the diffusing component to the high-concentration end of the gradient and removing it at the low concentration end, there is a steady-state flux of the diffusing component. This is characteristic of many mass-transfer operations. 当不断地向高浓度一端提供扩散组分，从低浓度一端移去扩散组分，扩散组分便具有稳定的传质通量。这就是许多传质操作的特点。 For example, when ammonia is removed from a gas by absorption in water in a packed column, at each point in the column a concentration gradient in the gas phase causes ammonia to diffuse to the gas-liquid interface, where it dissolves, and a gradient in the liquid phase causes it to diffuse into the bulk liquid. 例如，当在填料塔中用水吸收气体中的NH3时，在塔内的任意一点上，在气相浓度梯度的驱使下，NH3由气相主体扩散至气～液界面，在界面上溶解。然后，在液相浓度梯度驱使下，扩散至液相主体。 In stripping a solute from a liquid the gradients are reversed; here diffusion brings solute from the bulk liquid to the interface and from there into the gas phase. 当从吸收液中解吸溶质时，浓度梯度与吸收过程相反。此时，扩散作用使溶质从液相主体移至界面，再从界面移至气相。 In some other mass-transfer operations such as leaching and adsorption, unsteady-state diffusion takes place, and the gradients and fluxes decrease with time as equilibrium is approached. 在其它一些诸如浸取和吸咐操作中发生的是不稳定扩散，随着过程趋于平衡，扩散组分的浓度梯度和通量随时间而降低。 Although the usual cause of diffusion is a concentration gradient, diffusion can also be caused by an activity gradient, as in reverse osmosis, by a pressure gradient, by a temperature gradient, or by the application of an external force field, as in a centrifuge. 虽然扩散的一般原因是浓度梯度，但能动梯度也能引起扩散如反渗透过程，压力梯度、温度梯度和外场力都可引起扩散，如离心分离。 Molecular diffusion induced by temperature is thermal diffusion, and that from an external field is forced diffusion. Both are uncommon in chemical engineering. Only diffusion under a concentration gradient is