大学放射化学经典讲案第一章——核科学起源.pptVIP

放射化学展望 从20世纪40年代到大约60年代：核武器和核能发电，生产和处理和燃料 从60年代以后：放射性同位素和核技术的广泛应用，特别是环境科学和生 命科学的结合 放射化学不但在人们探索物质世界的规律中直接发挥作用，也为其他基础学科提供其特有的研究方法和手段。放射化学又是一门与实际生活紧密相结合的科学，核能是目前仅次于化石燃料的重要能源，越来越多的人正在从核医学提供的健康服务中得益。核技术的应用已经深入到工农业的许多领域。放射化学在维护国家安全方面，其重要性是毋庸置疑的。 Radiochemistry放射化学 Chapter1 Origin of Nuclear Science第一章 核科学起源 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) In 1895 W. Roentgen 伦琴discovered that when cathode rays 阴极射线(i.e. electrons) struck the wall of an evacuated glass tube, it caused the wall material to emit visible light (fluoresce荧光), while at the same time a very penetrating radiation 穿透辐射was produced. The name X-ray was given to this radiation. 发现x射线 Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) Becquerel 贝克勒尔soon found that the radiation causing the blackening was not a transformation of solar energy because it was found to occur even with assemblies that had not been exposed to light; the uranyl (铀酰)salt obviously produced radiation spontaneously. This radiation, which was first called uranium rays (or Becquerel rays) but later termed radioactive radiation (or simply radioactivity)1, was similar to X-rays in that it ionized air, as observed through the discharge of electroscopes. 研究x射线产生原因时，发现硫酸钾复盐具有的自发射线 Becquerel 的发现 Roentgen（伦琴）发现了令人费解的?射线，这种射线在玻璃壁和其它一些材料中会产生荧光（当时称为磷光）； 1880年Becquerel，受他祖父和父亲的影响，对磷光现象感兴趣，制备出硫酸铀酰钾（K2UO2(SO4)2.2H2O）； 1896年， Becquerel 提供了第一批实验结果：硫酸铀酰复盐晶体受强烈阳光照射后，放出一种穿透能力很强的辐射； （1）在强光、弱光、无光的条件下，铀盐都具有感光现象； （2）其它铀盐、亚铀盐、铀盐溶液、金属铀都能产生这种辐射，且与铀含量成正比； Marie Curie (1867-1934) Marie Curie 玛丽居里subsequently showed that all uranium and thorium compounds produced ionizing radiation independent of the chemical composition of the salts. This was convincing evidence that the radiation was a property of the element uranium or thorium. Moreover, she observed that some uranium minerals such as pitchblende沥青铀矿 produced more ionizing radiation than pure uranium compounds. 发现U，Th也有类似的性质，进一步研究时发现某些矿物中的放射性比其中所含U，Th的放射性要强的多 After hard working, the Curies di