关于量子测量问题一点思考.PDFVIP

问题讨论 关于量子测量问题的一点思考 2014 －05 －05 收到 † email ：zxcao@ 1 2 ，† 汪克林 曹则贤 DOI：10.7693/w (1 中国科学技术大学近代物理系 合肥 230026) (2 中国科学院物理研究所 北京 100190) Some reflections on quantum measurement WANG Ke-Lin1 CAO Ze-Xian2 ，† (1 Department of Modern Physics ，University of Science and Technology of China ， Hefei 230026 ，China) (2 Institute of Physics ，Chinese Academy of Sciences ，Beijing 100190，China) 摘 要 量子测量原理是量子力学的重要组成部分。具体的测量实验是否构成量子 测量，是有商榷的余地的。并不是所有可观测量的本征值都具有实在的意义。量子测量原理 中论及的经典—量子世界分界处之扰动的作用，可改述为量子测量需要加入统计原理的考 量，这其实正印证了 “统计原则高于量子原则”的现实。类似双缝干涉和Stern—Gerlach 实 验这样的宏观实验同量子测量原理是相融洽的，可能反映的恰是量子测量原理建立的历史背 景和心理基础。本文的目的在于引起对量子测量问题的关注，并深信对该问题严肃、深入的 讨论是有意义的。 关键词 量子测量，波函数坍缩，统计原则，双缝干涉，Stern—Gerlach 实验 Abstract Quantum measurement is a thorny problem without which the quantum theory cannot be taken as complete. Whether a measurement in laboratory is quantum measurement is a matter that needs be justified. Notably, not the eigenvalues of all the mechanical operators have re- alistic meaning. The role of intervention at the ‘cut ’between classical and quantum worlds in the quantum measurement postulates can be rephrased as a requirement that statistical principles should be incorporated therein, which are more fundamental in comparison with the quantum prin- ciples. That macroscopic measurements, such as the Stern—Gerlach experiment, the double-slit in- terference and alike, are well reconciled with quantum measurement postulates may just reveal the historic route and psychological basis of the development of those postulates. With this