实现“城市，让生活更美好”目标的环境政策演变-evolv资料.pptVIP

* Limitations of First Generation 第一代的局限性 Not always most cost-effective 不总是最有成本效益的 Not sufficiently flexible for different regional conditions 对不同地区的情况没有足够的灵活性 Not sufficiently flexible for different industrial conditions 对不同的工业没有足够的灵活性 Engendered business resistance 引起利益相关者的抵制 Punitive orientation 以惩罚而非鼓励利益相关者参与为出发点 Focused on reduction of a single pollutant rather than a more comprehensive multi-pollutant approach 集中于单一减排而不是全面的多重污染物共同减排 New Governance Approaches新的治理手段 More holistic treatment of root causes of pollution 对污染源的整体治理 Focus on how best to obtain environmental policy objectives 关注如何达到环境政策的目标 Encourages multi-stakeholder involvement 鼓励多方利益相关者的参与 Leaves decision on means to reach goals to industry 使用工具手段来达到国家或行业目标 Encourages transparency in decision making and implementation 鼓励透明决策的制定和实施 Relies on use of a mix of policy instruments 运用多种政策工具组合 Promotes preventive, not simply reactive decision making 提升预防性而不只是被动的决定 Generations Compared两代政策的比较 First Generation 第一代政策 heavily bureaucratic, prescriptive, fragmented in purpose, and adversarial in nature 官僚气浓，限制性强，目的不统一，对环境不够友好 command-and-control focused on single-pollutant, single-medium, single-pathway, technology-driven solutions 控制命令型政策注重于单一污染物、单一媒介、单一路径和技术推动型解决方案 New Generation 新一代政策 focus is on outcomes reflecting common goals 注重于以结果为目的的共同目标 Lessons from Abroad美国的经验 Resource Efficiency 资源效率 Inventory and Protect Your Natural Assets 储存和保护自然资源 Experiment with New Approaches Supported by Grants 使用拥有财政补助的新方法 Enforce Environmental Policies 强制实施环境政策 Set Clear, Legally Binding Responsibilities for Enterprises 设立清洁、受法律约束的公司义务 Publicly Disclose Environmental Performance of Enterprises 公开企业的环境行为 Measure and Report Environmental Outcomes 测量并报告环境结果 Major Issue Areas主要的问题 Improving the Government’s Capacity 提升政府的管理能力 Establishing Policy Coherence 建立政策的