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Lecture 4: Cohesion Why both with cohesion? Cohesion is one of the most important features of natural discourse. Cohesive devices are extensively used in discourse. Lack of cohesion may lead to incoherence in discourse. Before we start… Look at these examples. Are they natural? Are they meaningful? John took John’s hat off and hung John’s hat on a peg. If you see Mary, tell Mary that I want to see Mary. So we pushed him under the other one. Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. Wash and core six cooking apples. Put the apples into a fireproof dish. -- Would you like some tea? -- Yes. I would like some tea. -- Did I hurt your feelings? -- Yes, you hurt my feelings. -- I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. Lying on the floor. -- What was John doing when you came in? -- Lying on the floor. -- What is your favourite pastime? -- Lying on the floor. Read the following “story” 1 Once upon a time there was a little white mouse called “tiptoe”. 2 The boys lived in a large, red-bricked house with a thatched roof at the end of the longest street in town. 3 That morning Mrs. Smooks left home in a great hurry. 4 But, too late, William realized that the car had no brakes. 5 So they ran and they ran and they ran until the giant got so tired that he couldn’t follow them any more. 6 “what an exciting day!” she sighed. 7 And so he never goes alone to the shops any more. What is cohesion? Cohesion refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, that define it as a text; Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:4). Texture Cohesive relations in and between sentences create texture, which makes a set of sentences a text. Texture is the property that distinguishes text from non-text: a text has texture. Texture is what hold the clauses of a text together to give them unity. Five types of cohesion: Reference Substitution Ellipsis Conjunc