法学专业英语教程之期法律英语末复习.docxVIP

Unit One :Introduction to the American Legal System 1.What is law?Though we used the word “law” very often in our daily conversations,we use it in so many that there is no simple answer to this question. 译：何为法律？纵使我们在日常对话中经常用到“法律”一词，我们仍然无法对这个问题简要回答。 2.Law?has?been?defined?as?a?set?of?rules?that?govern?the?actions?of?people?in?a?community.These rules must be followed by citizens,and violation of these rules may give rise to a cause of action in the courts.This view sees law as a set of fixed principles known to lawyers and judges, ignorance if which excuses no one,not even the less knowledge or less affluent members of society. 译：法律曾被定义为规范一个群体中人们的行为的一套规则。公民必须遵守这些规则，违反这类规则将会引起诉讼的案由。这种观点将法律视为一套被律师和法官所知悉的、固定的规则，不了解这条规则的人并不能因此被免除责任，即使他们文化水平低或经济条件差也不能例外。 3.Another view is that law is a method of establishing order by maintaining authority if a ruler over those ruled.According to this view, law begins only when a coercive apparatus comes into existence to maintain control through enforcement of social norms.The?control?group?need?not?be?agents?of?a?political?entity, but may be labor,business,or church organizations.And the coercion can be psychological as well as physical. 译：另一种观点认为，法律是统治者通过保持其权威，建立秩序规则，统治被统治者的一种方法。根据这种观点，只有在强制力的机构产生且其通过实施社会规范来维持控制时，法律才开始形成。控制集团不一定要是政治实体的代表，可以是工人、商人或教会组织。这种强制可以是心理的也可以是生理的。 Most observes, however, believe that law exist only in a formal setting that involves the legislative, judicial, and executive arms of a political body and its system.This view holds that although rules are an important part of the process, the emphasis is upon actions for the purpose of adherence to those rules. Law is thus defined as the formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted, and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community. The hallmark of law is the obligation to act in line with norms authoritatively determined. 译：多数人认为，法律只存在于一种包含政治实体的立法、司法和行政机构 及其制度的正式的环境中。这种观点认为，尽管规则是总过程中一个重要的组成部分，重点却在于为使人们遵守这些规则而采取的行动。因此，法律被定