Chapter 6 Pragmatics(语用学).ppt

Co-operative principle Grice(1975): CP:Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. 4 Maxims(准则） 1 The maxim of quality(质的准则）： try to make your contribution one that is true, specifically: (1) do not say what you believe to be falso. (2) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 2 The maxim of quantity（量的准则）: (1) make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange. (2) do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 3 The maxim of relevance(关联准则） make your contributions relevant. 4 The maxim of manner Be perspicuous(清楚明白）and specifically: 1 avoid obscurity 2 avoid ambiguity 3 be brief 4 be orderly But those maxims can be flouted. Flouting of quality: irony, metaphor, metonymy: 1 Queen Victoria is made of rion. 2 John runs as fast as a deer. 2 A Beirut(贝鲁特）is in Peru, isn’t it? B And Rome is in Romania, I suppose？ Flouting of quantity 1 war is war; Business is business 2 Dear Sir, Mr X’s command of English is excellent, and his attendence at tutorials has been regular. ( a letter of reference) 3 A: How did Jimmy do his history exam? B: Oh, not at all well. They asked him things that happened before the poor boy was born. (多余的话） relevance A I do think Mrs Jenkins is an old windbag(夸夸其谈的人), don’t you?B Huh, lovely weather for March, isn’t it? Johnny: Hey, Sally, let’s play marbles. Mother: How is your homewark getting along, Johnny? manner A:Let’s get the kids something B: Okey, but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E. Where is Bill?There is yellow VM outside Sue’s house. All the maxims can be reduced to the Relevance Principle. Pragmatic failure(语用失误） It result in the inappropriate or inefffectual communication:1 A Can you tell me when we get to Birmingham, please? B It is a big place. You won’t mis it. Hostess: It is really a long day, L