在U型管中间安置一个半透膜.PPTVIP

5. Preparing Solutions配置溶液 500 mL of 1.54M NaCl mass g of NaCl add water until total volume is 500 mL 500 mL mark 500 mL volumetric flask 45.0 250 mL of 6.0M HNO3 by dilution measure mL of 15.8M HNO3 95 mL of15.8M HNO3 water for safety 250 mL mark combine with water until total volume is 250 mL 95 6. Colligative Properties依数性 （1） Definition定义 properties of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, and not on the identity of the particles. （2）Types Lowering of Vapor Pressure Freezing Point Depression (?Tf) f.p. of a solution is lower than f.p. of the pure solvent Boiling Point Elevation (?Tb) b.p. of a solution is higher than b.p. of the pure solvent Raoult’s Law （3）Calculations计算 ?T: change in temperature (°C) k: constant based on the solvent (°C·kg/mol) m: molality (m) i: van’ t Hoff Factor ?T= k · m · i The van ’ t Hoff Factor (i) tells how many ions one unit of a substance will dissociate into in solution. For instance below: At what temperature will a solution that is composed of 0.73 moles of glucose in 225 g of phenol boil? (kb = 3.60 ℃·kg/mol) （the Boiling Point of pure phenol is 181.8℃ ） m = 3.2m n = 1 ?tb = kb · m · n WORK: m = 0.73mol ÷ 0.225kg GIVEN: b.p. = ? ?tb = ? kb = 3.60°C·kg/mol ?tb = (3.60°C·kg/mol)(3.2m)(1) ?tb = 12°C b.p. = 181.8°C + 12°C b.p. = 194°C *Osmotic Pressure 渗透压π 将溶液和水置于U型管中，在U型管中间安置一个半透膜，以隔开水和溶液，可以见到水通过半透膜往溶液一端跑，假设在溶液端施加压强，而此压强可刚好阻止水的渗透，则称此压强为渗透压，渗透压的大小和溶液的摩尔浓度、溶液温度和溶质解离度相关。 范特霍夫公式：πV=nRT或π=MRT → π= iMRT 7.Colloids胶体 A. Colloidal Dispersions (Colloids) 1. Tiny particles suspended in some medium 2. Particles range in size from 1 to 1000 nm. B. Tyndall Effect—Scattering of light by particles a. Light passes through a solution b. Light is scattered in a colloid 气溶胶 气溶胶 溶胶 泡沫 乳液 当压强一定时，气体的溶解度随着温度的升高而减少。这一点对气体来说没有例外，因为当温度升高时，气体分子运动速率加快，容易自水面逸出。 当温度一定时，气体的溶解度随着气体的压强的增大而增大。这是因为当压强增大时，液面上的气体的浓度增大，因此，进入液面的气体分子比从液面逸出的分子多，从而使气体的溶解度变大。 * make the solution up to the calibr