润滑油基础油与添加剂知识.ppt

* * * * ?1 ?￥ ìí ?ó ?á ?? ìá ?? óí ?· μ? ?1 ?￥ D? ?ü ￡? ?? ±? èó ?? ×′ ?? * These additives are generally known as “extreme pressure” or EP additives. They are usually the more chemically reactive oil soluble materials containing one or more of the elements chlorine, phosphorus, sulphur, lead and zinc. Under mild operating conditions they appear to produce a mainly hydrocarbon film which is firmly attached to the metal surface by their reactive groups. Under more severe conditions nowhere they decompose and react with the metal surfaces to produce a film which is softer, less brittle, more adherent and therefore more effective than the oxide layer. Since these additives are not effective however until the temperature of reaction is reached, a combination of additives such as sulphur and phosphorus are used to give good anti wear protection for mild conditions and protection against scuffing when operating under more severe conditions EP additives used to be based on lead naphthenate (now phased out) More recent chemistries use S/P/N/Cl (with Cl now likely to be phased out) Sulphur - action is by chemical reaction with steel at the very high temperatures of asperity contact. S chemistry gives good 4-ball and FZG results, but threatens yellow metal corrosion Phosphorus - also gives local reaction, but tends to form stronger adsorbed films - gives better Timken results, but can compete with anti-rust additives * * * * * * * * * * 14 * êê ó? óú 2? í? ì? ?t μ? èó ?? óí 3í ?? 3ì ?è 2? í? ￡? 2? ?? Dè òa o? êê μ? ?3 ?è ￡? ?1 Dè ?3 ?è 2? ?? ?? ?è ′ó ·ù ?è ±? ?ˉ * * * * * * * * 3 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 炼油厂常减压装置。 * 从减压蒸馏装置切割出来的减线馏分油，是制造基础油的初级产品，这些馏分油还含有多环芳烃、硫、氮、含氧化合物和石蜡等，都是润滑油的非理想组份，必须除去才能成为成品基础油，这就需要精制。 溶剂精制是选择对油中理想组分和非理想组分具有选择性溶解的溶剂，利用溶剂的活性极性分子，在一定条件下溶解油中的非理想成分，对基础油料进行提取精制。 基础油经过溶剂精制、溶剂脱蜡，保留了理想组份，除去非理想组份。 理想组份： 是带长侧链的单环和双环烃类； 非理想组份：是胶质沥青质、带短侧链的多环烷烃和芳香烃、环烷酸、具有高熔点的高分子量固体烃（蜡)以及其他含硫、氮、氧的化合物。 白土精制又称白土补充精制，是用于除去溶剂精制后油品中残留