凝聚态物理导论Chapter 1简介.pdf

Chapter 1 Introduction §1.1 Preamble Physics is the science that studies the structures of matter and the fundamental laws of motion of matter. 17th century: Newton’s mechanics, gravitation Classical mechanics th th 18 -19 century: Atomic theory (Dalton); Electromagnetic field theory (Faraday, Maxwell); Coulomb law Classical theory of electromagnetism th 19 century: about 60 elements uncovered, Mendeleev’s periodic table of elements; discoveries of electrons, αparticle, radiation, x-ray, etc. Early of 20th century: conflict between atomic structure model and classical physics Quantum mechanics; Relativity Since mid of 20th century: advances of physics lead to sub-branches: atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, elementary particles and fields, plasma, optics, …… 4 fundamental forces exist in Nature: Force Strength Strong (Yukawa) 1 -2 Electromagnetic 10 -13 Weak ( βray) 10 -38 Gravitation 10 Grand unification of these 4 forces is unsuccessful up to date. States of matter: Gas, liquid, solid, plasma, Bose-Einstein condensation Standard model of Universe: -44 -36 10 s 10 s Big bang Separ