兽医药理学培训幻灯教学精品.ppt

3．易化扩散(facilitated diffusion) 也是载体介导的转运，故也具有饱和性和竞争性的特征。但是易化扩散是顺浓度梯度转运，不需要消耗能量，这是它跟主动转运的区别。 氨基酸(如L-多巴)、葡萄糖进入红细胞、维生素B12从肠道吸收等是易化扩散转运的例子。 4．胞饮／吞噬作用(pinocytosis／phagocytosis) 由于生物膜具有一定的流动性和可塑性，因此细胞膜可以主动变型而将某些物质摄人细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外，这种过程称胞饮或胞吐作用，摄取固体颗粒时称为吞噬作用大分子量超过900的药物进入细胞或穿过组织屏障一般是以胞饮或吞噬的方式 其他物质包括：蛋白质、破伤风毒素、肉毒梭菌毒素、抗原、脂溶性维生素等。 5．离子对转运(ion pair transport) 有些高度解离的化合物，如磺胺类和某些季铵盐化合物能从胃肠道吸收，很难用上述机制解释。现认为这些高度亲水性的药物，在胃肠道内可与某些内源性化合物结合，如与有机阴离子黏蛋白(mucin)结合，形成中性离子对复合物，既有亲脂性，又具水溶性，可通过被动扩散穿过脂质膜。这种方式称为离子对转运。 二、药物的体内过程 Absorption Distribution Biotransformation excretion （一） absorption:药物从用药部位进入血液的过程。给药途径、剂型等影响吸收过程。 1.Oral Administration: Common oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, boluses, powders, granules, syrups, solutions, suspensions, and pastes. Other specialized delivery systems ：enteric-coated tablets and sustained-action （controlled-release）preparations. Drugs administered PO are exposed to low pH ranges, digestive enzymes, intestinal microflora, and ingesta that vary greatly among species. the “first-pass” effect ： a drug absorbed from the GI tract→the portal circulation → passes through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. A high degree of metabolic transformation may occur. 2.Parenteral Administration: The most common parenteral dosage form is a stable aqueous solution. Less frequently, the active components may be dissolved in an inert vegetable oil, which delays absorption. Several novel approaches for the parenteral delivery of drugs :microspheres, microcapsules, liposomes, microsponges, resealed carrier erythrocytes, and projectile biodegradable missiles, monoclonal antibodies . The most frequently used parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). less frequently used routes include epidural, intradermal, intratracheal, and intraperitoneal (IP). In all cases, solutions for injection must be sterile, techniques aseptic, the dose accurate. For IV, aqueous solutions are preferable, which lead immediately