城市经济学奥沙利文Chap007.pptVIP

Innovations in Intracity Transportation Timing: Omnibus (1827); Cable cars (1873); Electric Trolley (1886); Subways (1895) Decrease in travel cost increased feasible radius of city Hub-and-spoke system: large concentrations of employment in metro center 7-* The Technology of Building Construction Starting point in early 1800s: Masonry and post-beam with 16-inch timbers Balloon-frame building (1832), fastened with cheap nails Office buildings: masonry to cast iron (1848, 5 stories) to steel (1885, 11 stories) Elevator (1854): Increased feasible building height Elevator increased the bid rents on upper floors 7-* The Primitive Technology of Freight Intercity freight: ship or rail Intracity freight: horse-drawn wagons to port or rail terminal 7-* The Demise of the Monocentric City? What caused decentralization of employment? What caused decentralization of population? 7-* Decentralization of Manufacturing: Intracity Truck The intracity truck (1910): Twice as fast and half as costly as horse wagon Truck decreased cost of moving output relative to the cost of moving workers Firms moved closer to low-wage suburbs 7-* 7-* Decentralization of Manufacturing: Intercity Trucks and Highways The intercity truck (1930): Alternative to ships and rail Highways: Orientation shifted from ports RR terminal to highways Modern cities: Manufacturers oriented toward highways and urban beltways 7-* Other Factors in Decentralization of Manufacturing Automobile replace streetcars; Improved access between streetcar lines Single-story manufacturing plants increases pull to low-rent suburbs Air freight: orientation toward suburban airports 7-* 7-* Decentralization of Office Employment Before 1970s: Suburban activities were paper-processing back-office operations New information technology decoupled info processing (suburb) decision making (CBD) 7-* Decentralization of Population Mills: Density gradient was 1.22 in 1880 0.31 in 1963 (24% within 3 miles) Three-mile share of population: 88% (1