课件：第二章微生物学基本实验操作及常见微生物.ppt

* * Chapter 2 The experimental basis of microbiology and microorganisms 微生物学基本实验操作及常见微生物 常见微生物 Bacteria/细菌 Actinomycetes/放线菌 Cyanobacteria/蓝细菌 Archaeobacteria/古生细菌 Other prokaryotes/其他原核生物 Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells 细菌细胞的大小、形态及其排列方式 Most bacteria fall within a range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm in diameter and from 2 to 8μm in length. 直径：0.2~2.0μm；长度：2~8μm They have a few basic shapes-spherical coccus (plural, cocci, meaning berries), rod-shaped bacillus (plural, bacilli, meaning little staffs), and spiral. 形态：球状、杆状、螺旋状 Cm = 10-2 meter mm = 10-3 meter μm = 10-6 meter nm = 10-9 meter Bacteria/细菌 The thousands of species of bacteria are differentiated by many factors, including morphology (shape), chemical composition (often detected by staining reactions), nutritional requirements, biochemical activities, and source of energy (sunlight or chemicals) 细菌鉴定的参数： 形态学鉴定 （显微观察） 化学组分分析（染色） 生理生化检测（营养、生化活性、能源） How to identify an unknown bacterial species ? 如何鉴定未知细菌的种属？ Arrangement of Spherical Bacterial Cells 球菌细胞排列方式 diplococci /双球菌 streptococci /链球菌 Tetracocci/四叠球菌 Sarcinae 八叠球菌 staphylococci /葡萄球菌 Spherical coccus 球 菌 The three most important genera are: Micrococcus /微球菌 Staphylococcus /葡萄球菌 Streptococcus/链球菌 Micrococcus – aerobic, gram-positive, catalase positive, cell arranges mainly in pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters, nonmotile. They are often yellow, orange or red in colour 微球菌——需氧，G+，触酶阳性 ，细胞排列为双球、四叠或无规则丛生，不运动。黄色，橙色或红色。 Staphylococcus - facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive, usually form irregular clusters, nonmotile, catalase positive but oxidase negative, ferment glucose anaerobically. 葡萄球菌——兼性厌氧， G+，通常细胞排列为无规则丛生，不运动，触酶阳性 ，氧化酶阴性 ，厌氧发酵葡萄糖 staphylococci staphylococci Streptococcus - facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, catalase negative, gram-positive, Cell arranges in pairs or chains, usually nonmotile, A few species are anae