平狄克-微观经济学-英文-第7版-课件-ch09.pptxVIP

CHAPTER 9 OUTLINE9.1 Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies—Consumer and Producer Surplus9.2 The Efficiency of a Competitive Market9.3 Minimum Prices9.4 Price Supports and Production Quotas9.5 Import Quotas and Tariffs9.6 The Impact of a Tax or Subsidy9.1EVALUATING THE GAINS AND LOSSESFROM GOVERNMENT POLICIES—CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUSReview of Consumer and Producer SurplusFigure 9.1Consumer and Producer SurplusConsumer A would pay $10 for a good whose market price is $5 and therefore enjoys a benefit of $5.Consumer B enjoys a benefit of $2,and Consumer C, who values the good at exactly the market price, enjoys no benefit.Consumer surplus, which measures the total benefit to all consumers, is the yellow-shaded area between the demand curve and the market price.9.1EVALUATING THE GAINS AND LOSSESFROM GOVERNMENT POLICIES—CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUSReview of Consumer and Producer SurplusFigure 9.1Consumer and Producer Surplus (continued)Producer surplus measures the total profits of producers, plus rents to factor inputs. It is the benefit that lower-cost producers enjoy by selling at the market price, shown by the green-shaded area between the supply curve and the market price.Together, consumer and producer surplus measure the welfare benefit of a competitive market.9.1EVALUATING THE GAINS AND LOSSESFROM GOVERNMENT POLICIES—CONSUMER AND PRODUCER SURPLUSApplication of Consumer and Producer Surplus● welfare effectsGains and losses to consumers and producers.● deadweight lossNet loss of total (consumer plus producer) surplus.Figure 9.2Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price ControlsThe price of a good has been regulated to be no higher than Pmax, which is below the market-clearing price P0. The gain to consumers is the difference between rectangle A and triangle B.The loss to producers is the sum of rectangle A and triangle C. Triangles B and C together measure the deadweight loss from price controls.9.1EVALUATING THE GAINS AND LOSSESFR