管理研究方法论课件(齐佳音)-2008-11-25.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * F0相当于截距，b相当于直线斜率 * * 如果把城市看成一个生命系统，它也需要不断的从外界吸收各种物质、能量资源，也会像现实生物一样成长、发育、衰老。从这个角度看，给城市供给的各种能量、物质资源就相当于是输入到城市中的流或城市的新陈代谢，而消费这些能量、物质的人就可以看作是这个城市的存量，或者尺寸。城市越大，它能供养的人越多，因而需要的能量和物质也就越多。 * * 同样服从幂律，但是参数F0和b的取值有可能发生变化； 同时由于各国消费偏好和管制政策不同，同样类型的系统在不同国家间的幂律参数可能有所不同 * * 前提设定是要把企业当成一种自组织来对待。 类似的研究成果可参考齐普夫率：企业规模与企业数量之间的关系。 对于企业来说，何种指标可以同生物的重量或新陈代谢做类比，还需要进一步分析：固定资产、现金流、还是利润？ Christian Kuhnert曾提出，幂律很大程度上体现了一种规模经济，可否由此判断各个行业的规模经济性？ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Exercise Does smoking cause cancer? Are smoking and cancer related? Are smoking, drinking, and chewing tobacco associated with cancer? Extent of Research Interference Minimal interference Study events as they normally occur Correlational study Moderate and excessive interference Manipulate and /or control certain variables Causal study Study Setting Contrived（被设计） Artificial environment Causal study Field experiment（现场实验）: causal study done in natural environment Lab experiment（实验室实验）: causal study done in artificial environment Noncontrived （非设计） Natural environment Correlational study Field study（实地研究）: correlational study done in natural environment 实验设计过程图 Is tracing causal effects necessary? Yes; and if No Do not undertake An experimental design study Internal validity is More Important than external validity Generalization is More Important than internal validity Both Internal validity and External validity are Important Engage in a lab experiment Engage in a field experiment First do a lab experiment, then a field experiment Are there cost constraints? Engage in a simpler Experimental design Engage in a more sophisticated design Yes No Unit of Analysis The level of aggregation of the data collected Individuals Dyads ( two-person) Groups Organizations Countries Time Horizon Cross-sectional studies (横剖研究) Data ar