文献翻译作业.docVIP

家畜繁殖学文献翻译作业 12动科3班 付越 2012513038 指导老师：张居农 第 第 8 页 正文： INTERACTIONS OF MANAGEMENT AND DIET ON FINAL MEAT CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF ANIMALS Dr. Francis L. FluhartyDepartment of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691ph: (330) 263-3904, HYPERLINK mailto:fluharty.1@osu.edufluharty.1@osu.edu Why are some calves actually worth more than others to feedlots and packers even though the cattle are similar in breed, type, frame size, and muscle thickness? Today, the answer is likely to be differences in average daily gain, feed efficiency, yield grade, marbling score, or percent retail yield. As a seedstock or cow-calf producer, how do you select breeding animals and manage their offspring so that the calves actually achieve their optimum genetic potential? These are questions that you may need to be able to answer as the beef industry continues to move from a commodity market to a value-based, grid marketing industry where individual animals are identified and priced according to their consumer desirability. To answer these questions, you probably need to understand some basics of ruminant nutrient use as well as some windows of opportunity that exist where management can improve carcass characteristics so that your cattle achieve their genetic potential. First, you need to understand that all nutrients (energy, protein, vitamins, minerals, and water) are used in a hierarchy that goes from maintenance development growth lactation reproduction fattening. This means that an animal must have sufficient nutrients to maintain its body before bone or muscle growth can occur, and these must occur before fattening can occur. In breeding cattle, lactational anestrous occurs when an animal that is nutrient deficient, but milking heavily, cant rebreed. The second thing that you need to understand about ruminant nutrition is that feed is digested in the rumen by ruminal bacteria that attach to the surface of a feed