数学分析 高等数学 微积分 英语课件 上海交通大学Chapter5a.pptVIP

Introduction to integrals Integral, like limit and derivative, is another important concept in calculus Integral is the inverse of differentiation in some sense There is a connection between integral calculus and differentiation calculus. The area and distance problems are two typical applications to introduce the definite integrals The area problem Problem: find the area of the region S with curved sides, which is bounded by x-axis, x=a, x=b and the curve y=f(x). Idea: first, divide the region S into n subregions by partitioning [a,b] into n subintervals [xi-1,xi] (i=1,L,n) with x0=a and xn=b; then, approximate each subregion Si by a rectangle since f(x) does not change much and can be treated as a constant in each subinterval [xi-1,xi], that is, Si?(xi-xi-1)f(xi), where xi is any point in [xi-1,xi]; last, make sum and take limit if the limit exists, then the region has area Remark In the above limit expression, there are two places of significant randomness compared to the normal limit expression: the first is that the nodal points {xi} are arbitrarily chosen, the second is that the sample points {xi} are arbitrarily taken too. means, no matter how {xi} and {xi} are chosen, the limit always exists and has same value. The distance problem Problem: find the distance traveled by an object during the time period [a,b], given the velocity function v=v(t). Idea: first, divide the time interval [a,b] into n subintervals; then, approximate the distance di in each subinterval [ti-1,ti] by di?(ti-ti-1)v(xi) since v(t) does not vary too much and can be treated as a constant; last, make sum and take limit if the limit exists, then the distance in the time interval [a,b] is Definition of definite integral We call a partition of the interval [a,b]. is called the size of the parti