第五章 设计船舶的风险与船东批准图纸.docVIP

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第五章 设计船舶的风险与船东批准图纸.doc

第五章 设计船舶的风险与船东批准图纸 1. NEWBUILDCON与SAJ在这方面的比较 这里简单介绍造船合约的要旨,例如在NEWBUILDCON就说明船厂所要做的就是: “the Builder shall design, construct, test and survey, launch, equip, complete, sell and deliver the Vessel to the Buyer all in accordance with good international shipbuilding and marine engineering practice;”(船厂必须设计、建造、测试与检查、下水、装置设备、完成、出售与交付船舶给买方并依照国际上良好的造船与海事工程做法) 而船东所要做的就是: “the Buyer shall purchase, take delivery and pay for the Vessel.”(买方必须购买、接收交付并对船舶进行支付) 这明示了是船厂去设计有关的船舶,所以,设计不妥的后果也应该是船厂负责。显然,如果不是这样的安排,而是船厂根据船东提供的设计去建造船舶,上述的条文就要作出一定的修改。例如最明确的就是把“设计”一词删除,然后在附加条文说明船舶或船舶部分的设计是由船东提供与负责。 上述NEWBUILDCON的文字清楚说明了船厂有设计的责任,这是在另外一种标准造船格式SAJ中没有提到的。SAJ的相关序言只提到了建造、下水、装置设备、完成、出售与交付船舶给买方(In consideration of the mutual convenants herein contained, the BUILDER agrees to build, launch, equip and complete at its … and sell and deliver to the BUYER …)。但会有情况是在双方订约时,船东会要求去在SAJ的标准条文中加上“设计”一词。如果没有去加上,设计的风险谁属就要看英国法律(如果造船合约适用英国法)的默示地位,这在稍后会介绍。 2. 设计不妥的定义 设计主要是表现在图纸(drawings)所包含与传达的技术性的想法,正如在Malcolm Clarke所著的《Shipbuilding Contracts》一书第77页对其的定义如下: “The design is an intellectual achievement giving a technical definition of a physical product and may also include instructions on the method to be applied in the execution of the work. The design is thus a technical idea—or complex of technical ideas—which may be communicated to others as the design is expressed in drawings, technical specifications, etc. The design, however, is not the drawings as such, but the technical ideas contained therein.” 设计不妥可以发生在许多方面,包括船舶或者她的主机、辅助机器、舵机、舱盖等等。例如在设计上它的强度或者稳定性不足,反正按照该设计建造出来都会有同样的毛病。它与工艺不善(bad workmanship)或材料不善(faulty materials)在造船是有一个传统明显的分别。设计不妥是针对准备船舶的规范说明与图纸(preparations of specifications and drawings/plans),而工艺与材料不善涉及了去执行该些船舶规范说明与图纸的时候出错。Barker v. Lull Engineering Company Inc, Supreme Court of California, 1978案例有针对这两者分别的论述,如下: “A manufacturing or production defect is readily identifiable because a defective product is one that differs from the manufacturer’s intended result or from other ostensibly identical units

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