美国环境民事诉讼中强制令救济的标准研究-环境与自然资源保护法专业毕业论文.docxVIP

万方数据 万方数据 ABSTRCT THE RESEARCH ON INJUNCTION STANDARDS OF AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL CIVIL ACTION SUIT ABSTRACT In modern common law, injunction is a mandatory order which the court ask the party not to do or do something. According to different procedures and time, injunction is divided into temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction and permanent injunction. In environmental field, all of injunctions must satisfy four requirements: a strong likelihood of success on the merits, the possibility of irreparable injury to plaintiff if preliminary relief is not granted, a balance of hardships favoring the plaintiff and advancement of the public interest. Although they all need to meet four conditions, different injunctions have different emphases. Because temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction are issued in an emergency before conclusion of a lawsuit, the court will think a strong likelihood of success on the merits seriously. While permanent injunction is issued when a case is clear, so the court will think IV ABSTRACT highly of irreparable environmental injury. In order to make interests balance between the two parties, the court will consider partial injunction. It is issued when other interests are lost and it is injustice if not make compensation. The injunction system of American environmental civil action can help us to perfect our similar injunction system. We can use the American injunction for reference to make our injunction clear and definite , thus promoting the effectiveness of injunction in our country. It is ultimately useful to prevent environmental pollution and protect the environment. KEY WORDS: injunction, temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, permanent injunction V 目录 目 录 引 言 1 第一章 强制令的概况7 第一节 强制令的概念和分类 7 一、强制令的概念和特点7 二、强制令的分类9 第二节 强制令的历史和作用 10 一、强制令的历史10 二、强制令的作用 11 第二章 美国环境民事诉讼的强制令适用标准 15 第一节 暂时限制令的适用标准16 一、强有力的实质性胜诉可能性16 二、不可弥补的环境损害17 三、其他要素17 第二节 初步强制令的适用标准18 一、传统适用初步强制令的标准19 二、非