高三英语法专项复习句子结构及成分.docVIP

2016届高三英语语法专项复习 句子结构及成分 实义动词、助动词与情态动词 实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。 实义动词 指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如： He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词)I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词） 助动词 助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句和倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。 ⑴帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词)I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，是助动词。） ⑵帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesn’t have lunch at home. (does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) ⑶帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词)The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词) ⑷帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。) ⑸帮助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词) ⑹帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词) 因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。 情态动词 情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如： He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“能够”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow. （might的词义为“或许”） 谓语和非谓语 在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，非谓语是指：动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。 改正下列句中的错误 1.Get up early is good for our health. 2.My favorite sport is play football. 3.There is a bird sings in the tree. 4.The house was built last year has been sold out. 5.The girls are singing over there are my classmates. 6.I remember saw him that day. 复合结构 1.He invited us to come to the party. (us是宾语，to come to the party是宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。) 2.It’s important for us to learn English well. (it是形式主语，真正的主语是for us to learn English well。“us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，二者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。for somebody to do something是动词不定式的复合结构。) 3.It’s very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me也是动词不定式的复合结构） 4.Tom’s coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom迟到使我们老师生气。coming是动名词，Tom’s c