Science,- Technology-and- Innovation-(- S- T- I),-agriculture-and-课件.pptVIP

STI capabilities: What are they? (2) Scientific capabilities – the ability to learn, understand and apply scientific knowledge and skills to solve problems. Engineering capabilities – the ability to learn, understand and apply engineering knowledge and skills to solve problems. Technological capabilities – the ability to learn, understand and master the use of existing (both traditional and recent) technologies to solve problems;the ability to produce new technologies. Innovative capabilities – the ability to innovate. Policymaking capabilities – the ability to understand, learn and develop policymaking skills in STI; to design, implement, monitor, evaluate and revise STI policies. Technological learning by enterprises (firms and farmers most importantly) is important for technological development of a country. Linear models of innovation A National system of innovation(from Arnold and Bell (2001)) Framework conditions ? Financial environment ? Taxation and incentives ? Propensity for innovation and entrepreneurship ? Trust ? Mobility ? Education, Literacy Demand ? Consumers (final demand) ? Producers (intermediate demand) Business system ? Companies ? Farms ? Healthcare, etc Education and research system ? Professional education and training ? Higher education and research ? Public sector research Intermediate Organizations ? Research institutes ? Brokers, etc Infrastructure ? Banking, venture capital ? IPR and information system ? Innovation and business support system ? Standards and norms * National policies for STI development (1) STI policy (ST policy, innovation policy, ST/innovation strategies) Education and training policies Trade policies Foreign direct investment (FDI) and TNC policies Intellectual property (IP) policies Technology transfer policies ST infrastructure policies Financial sector policies Macroeconomic policies Industrial policies * National policies for STI development (2) Physical infrastru