地球动力学-GEODYNAMICS_05_1_行星地球.ppt

地球内部温度 分层和化学组成 横向不均匀速度结构 Slabs In this view of a flattened-out mantle from the northwest, the blue blobs show where colder, denser material is sinking into the mantle. Near the surface, most of the colder material is in the ancient roots of continental cratons. Subducting slabs of oceanic lithosphere also appear, being recycled into the mantle from oceanic trenches. Plumes In this view from the southwest the red blobs are warmer plumes of less dense material, rising principally into the ocean-ridge spreading centers. A huge plume seems to be feeding spreading at the East Pacific Rise directly from the core. Most of the heat being released from the earths interior emerges at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise. 全球地壳厚度分布 全球沉积层厚度（1X1） 中国地壳厚度 中国地壳和上地幔地震波速 中国构造 沉积层厚度 地壳厚度 地壳类型 地壳年龄 地壳厚度 地震勘探 * 侏罗纪 * 侏罗纪 * 侏罗纪 * 侏罗纪 * 侏罗纪 * 地质年代 地质年代 地质年代 地层 放射性定年 古地磁 树木年轮 同位素地质学 The average age of the present-day oceanic crust is about 55 million years; the oldest parts are about 180 million years old, indicating that oceanic crust is entirely recycled every 150 million years or so. By contrast, the average age of the present-day continental crust is about 2.3 billion years, with the oldest known rocks dating back 3.96 billion years; these oldest rocks in turn contain minerals (zircons) derived from older rocks, possibly as old as 4.3 billion years. 构造地质学 断层 Fault 正断层 逆断层 走滑断层 褶皱 Fold 上盘 下盘 Fault slip Vertical throw vs. stratigraphic throw Special fault names. ? Geologists use many different names for special types of faults. These names have complex and far-reaching implications that depend to some extent on the user. When in doubt, use a simple name. Some important types of specialized fault names: Wrench vs. strike-slip fault. ? These terms are synonyms and indicate a fault with a slip-vector closely parallel to the fault strike. Some geologists reserve the term wrench for large, regional strike-slip faults, steeply-dipping regional strike-slip faults or as a syno