英语写作中的衔接与连贯讲义.pptVIP

英语写作中的衔接与连贯Cohesion and Coherence in English Writing 是文涛 概念与方法 衔接:语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义关系 1. 指代reference In 1860, Lincoln was elected President of the United States. He（人称指代） was the candidate of the new Republic Party. This Party （指示指代）opposed the creation of new slave states. 2. 替代substitution This biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones.(名词性替代） “ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what they’re like.” “I believe so,” Alice replied thoughtfully.（分句性替代） 3. 省略ellipsis (zero substitution) “how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice. ” I did that ten hours the first day,” said Tom.（分句性省略） 4. 连接conjunction A. 通过标点符号衔接 I came, I saw , I conquered.( Julius Ceaser) The sun is growing warm, frogs are waking in the marshes, planting time will be soon here. B. 通过连接词衔接 5. 词汇衔接lexis (Halliday /Hasan :Cohesion in English 1976) 连贯(coherence)：是整个语篇一致性的抽象特征。 词汇衔接 句子衔接 段落衔接 1、词汇衔接：连接词、同义词、反义词、上、下义词、同一语义场等 例1：连接词（conjunction) A student acquires knowledge mainly from the textbook and in class. As a result,（结果）when he graduates from school he can do nothing. For （原因）everything is different from what teachers told him. He may even be disappointed and （并列）frustrated. In the end,（总结） he may be afraid to face the real world. 例2 同义词(synonym) The farm was owned by two brothers. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story. Farm laborers said that … 例3 反义词(antonym) Failure is the mother of success. 例4 上 \下义词(hyponymy) It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victim. 例5 同一语义场(semantic fie