农业生态学国家精品课程课件（第八章).pptVIP

次生演替是指在原有生物群落破坏后的地段上进行的演替。次生演替的最初发生是外界因素的作用所引起的。外界因素除自然灾害以外，最主要和最大规模的是人为的经济活动。 （四）次生演替(secondary succession) 以云杉林的次生演替为例：①采伐迹地阶段。②先锋树种阶段(桦木、山杨)。③云杉定居阶段。④云杉恢复阶段。 * 国家级精品资源共享课 * Autogenic succession is self-driven, resulting from the interaction between organisms and their environment. Primary succession occurs on a newly formed substrate such as glacial till. Nutrient enhancement and litter accumulation by pioneer species allow new species to colonize. Secondary succession follows disturbance, for example by flooding, fire or human activity. In both types of autogenic succession pioneer species colonize quickly making opportunistic use of resources before the invasion of more competitive species. Shading leads to dominance by shade-tolerant species which tend to be slow colonizers. Autogenic succession * 国家级精品资源共享课 * Ecological Succession Ecological Succession: Secondary Disturbances (fire, flood, windstorms) can disrupt a community. After a disturbance, new species of plants and animals might occupy the habitat. * 国家级精品资源共享课 * （五）顶极群落(climax community) 演替中群落结构变化开始较快，随着演替的进行，变化速度慢而趋于稳定。群落演替系列最后达到稳定阶段，称为顶极(climax)，演替最终形成的稳定群落，叫做顶极群落。一般来说，当一个群落或一个演替系列，演替到同环境处于平衡状态的时候，演替就不再进行。在这个平衡点上，群落最稳定，只要不受外界干扰，它将永远保持原状。 * 国家级精品资源共享课 * Fluctuations and the climax community There is no single climax community for a geographic area, but a continuum of climax types varying along environmental gradients. Climax communities are not stable, but are in a state of continual flux. Unidirectional succession to the climax does not always happen as succession can be arrested at an earlier stage. In general, biomass and species diversity increase with succession but often peak at an intermediate stage and not at the climax community. * 国家级精品资源共享课 * 群落是一个动态系统。 群落的演替与生物的进化是一个协同的过程，其间穿插着生物多样性的变化。 只要气候条件合适，从裸露的岩石最终演变到出现顶级群落通常要经历地衣阶段、苔藓阶段、草本植物阶段、灌木阶段和森林阶段。这一自然发生的完整过程称为初生演替。 * 国家级精品资源共享课 * Ecological niche: An organism’s place and function in the environment, defined by its uti