课件：arAnInroducionoInernaionalMarkeing当代国际营销澳大利亚纽卡斯尔大学.ppt

* * Tariff barriers Australia: motor vehicles, footwear clothing, agricultural Japan: fishing, rice, livestock Resulted in massive trade deficits: Japan ($66b), China ($30b) Nontariff Barriers Safety inspections Agricultural and health permits 180 day quarantine for imported cheese from Europe! Subsidies US state governments – Nissan (1985), Mercedes (1990s) New roads, plant, training Low cost export financing Australian Government – subsidies to car industry, Mitsubishi * * * * * * On January 16 1979, the Shah left Iran. Shapour Bakhtiar as his new prime minister with the help of Supreme Army Councils couldnt control the situation in the country anymore. Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran on February 1. Ten days later Bakhtiar went into hiding, eventually to find exile in Paris. Processes against the supporters of the Shah started, and hundreds were executed. * * * * * market needs ·??????? transcend national boundaries ·??????? often created by promotion technology ·??????? universal, uniform and consistent factors ·??????? knows no cultural boundaries – only in application does culture impact cost ·??????? economies of scale drives down cost ·??????? cost pressure becoming more intense communication ·??????? information technology means that new innovations become known throughout the world more rapidly, creating demand. * * Restraining forces Control over entry and access to market; ·??????? either in the domestic or the international market to protect national values and local vested interests. o?????? Achieved through tariff and nontariff barriers Refer Figure 1.3 p. 8 Forces in international marketing 3. Actual or perceived risk; ·??????? Commercial risks ·??????? cross-cultural risks ·??????? country risks (political and legal) and ·??????? financial risks Figure 1.4 p. 9 Risks involved in international marketing * ethnocentric orientation home country is superior and use the same approach to other countries; polycentric orientation opposite