Chap18生产要素市场.pptVIP

劳动需求的移动A Shift in Labor Demand 劳动需求的增加 An increase in the demand for labor : 使企业雇佣更多工人变得有利可图 Makes it profitable for firms to hire more workers. 产生了工资压力 Puts upward pressure on wages. 提高了边际产量值 Raises the value of the marginal product. 产生了新的均衡Gives a new equilibrium. 生产率的三个决定因素Three Determinants of Productivity 有形资本Physical Capital 机器设备与建筑物越多，生产率越高 When workers work with a larger quantity of equipment and structures, they produce more. 人力资本Human Capital 工人受教育水平越高，生产率越高 When workers are more educated, they produce more. 技术水平Technological Knowledge 工人掌握了越熟练的技术，生产率越高 When workers have access to more sophisticated technologies, they produce more. 美国生产率与工资增长Productivity and Wage Growth in the United States 世界的生产率与工资增长Productivity and Wage Growth around the World * 67 31 * * * * 生产要素市场 The Market for the Factors of Production 第18章 Chapter 18 生产要素Factors of Production 生产要素是用于生产产品和劳务的投入 Factors of production are the inputs used to produce goods and services. 生产要素市场The Market for the Factors of Production 生产要素的需求是派生需求。 The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand. 企业的生产要素需求是从它向另一个市场供给物品的决策派生出来的。 A firm’s demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in another market. 劳动需求The Demand for Labor 与经济中的其他市场一样，劳动市场也是由供求力量支配的。 Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand. 供给与需求的多样化The Versatility of Supply and Demand (a) 苹果市场 (b) 摘苹果工人市场 苹果数量 工人数量 Q L P W 0 0 苹果价格 工人工资 Demand Demand Supply Supply 劳动需求The Demand For Labor 大多数劳动服务不是作为最终产品供消费者享用的，而是作为生产成本投入到其他物品的生产中去的。 Most labor services, rather than being final goods ready to be enjoyed by consumers, are inputs into the production of other goods. 生产函数和劳动的边际产量The Production Function and The Marginal Product of Labor 生产函数用来描述生产中所用的投入量与生产量之间的关系。 The production function illustrates the relationship between the quantity of inputs used and the quantity of output of a good. 竞争性企业如何决定雇佣的工人数量How the Competiti