ch1-1.4操作系统结构_2011.pptVIP

* * * 1.4 操作系统结构和运行模型  1.4.1 操作系统的构件和结构 1.4.2 操作系统的运行模型 1.4.3 Windows 2003客户/服务器结构 1.4.1 操作系统构件和结构 操作系统设计呈现出以下特征： 复杂程度高， 生成周期长， 正确性难保证 。 操作系统结构设计有三层含义： 一、是研究操作系统整体结构，如功能如何分块，相互如何交互，及考虑构造它的过程和方法； 二、是研究操作系统程序局部结构，包括数据结构和控制结构； 三、是操作系统运行时的组织，如系统是否组织成进程或线程?在系统空间还是在用户空间运行? Operating System Design and Implementation Design and Implementation of OS not “solvable”, but some approaches have proven successful Internal structure of different Operating Systems can vary widely Start by defining goals and specifications Affected by choice of hardware, type of system User goals and System goals User goals – operating system should be convenient to use, easy to learn, reliable, safe, and fast System goals – operating system should be easy to design, implement, and maintain, as well as flexible, reliable, error-free, and efficient 操作系统的构件 内核 进程 线程 类程 管程 操作系统的内核(1) 1)什么是内核? 2)内核分类：微内核和单内核。 3)Linux是单内核操作系统 ，Mach是微内核操作系统 ，Windows2003是C/S结构操作系统。 什么是内核?(2) 内核(kernel)是作为可信软件来提供支持进程并发执行的基本功能和基本操作的一组程序模块， 内核通常驻留在内核空间，运行于核心态，具有访问硬设备和所有主存空间的权限，是仅有的能执行特权指令的那部分程序。 在内核的支撑下，机器功能得到扩展、进程运行环境得到改善，安全性得到保证，系统效率得到提高。 Layered Approach The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built on top of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface. With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions (operations) and services of only lower-level layers Layered Operating System Modules Most modern operating systems implement kernel modules Uses object-oriented approach Each core component is separate Each talks to the others over known interfaces Each is loadable as needed within the kernel Overall, similar to layers but with more flexible Virtual Machines the real hardware in “cloned” in several identical virtual machines OS functionality built on top of the virtual machine Hardware applications Virtual Machine Monitor OS-1 on virtual machine 1 applications OS-2 on vi