黄河泥沙入黄的机理及过程.doc

PAGE 2 黄河泥沙入黄的机理及过程探讨 张金良 （黄河勘测规划设计有限公司，河南 郑州 450003） 摘 要：近年来，受人类活动和降雨变化的影响，入黄泥沙量减少明显，潼关水文站实测输沙量由1919—1960年的平均15.9亿t减少至2000—2015年的平均2.5亿t，减幅为84%。入黄泥沙的变化受到各方关注，也开展了大量的研究，然而由于研究采用的资料和方法不同，研究成果差别较大，对引起入黄泥沙减少的主要原因及未来变化趋势尚未形成统一认识。分析了流域主要产沙区的侵蚀产沙主要机理和泥沙入黄过程，提出泥沙入黄是坡面侵蚀、重力侵蚀与河道水流输沙共同作用的结果；针对防治水土流失的“三道防线”，从拦减黄土高原入黄泥沙的整体与部分关系出发，探讨了当前各项水保措施的作用。综合考虑气候变化、人类活动影响和水保措施的作用，估算黄河多年平均来沙水平为8.0亿~12.0亿t。同时，为满足黄河长治久安的需求，降低工程泥沙设计风险，工程设计来沙量采用值应不小于10亿t。 关键词：水土保持；下垫面；过程；机理；侵蚀产沙；泥沙；黄河 Discuss on Mechanism and Process of Sediment Moving into the Yellow River ZHANG Jinliang (Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co. Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China) Abstract： In recent years, the sediment moving into the Yellow River decreases obviously, for instance, the measured annul mean sediment amount in Tongguan hydrological station showed a sharp decreased trend from 15.9×108t/a during 1919-1960 to only 2.5×108t/a during 2000-2015, the change range of which is 84%. The change of sediment moving into the Yellow River has been paid much attention. However, due to the different data and various methods used in studies, the results and conclusion were quite different, and there was no unified understanding of the change of sediment moved into the Yellow River. In this paper, firstly the core mechanism of soil erosion and main process of sediment moving into the Yellow River were analyzed in the area where sediment mainly produced, which seem to be cooperatively resulted by hydraulic erosion, gravitational erosion, and sediment transporting by water flow in the riverbed; then, according to soil erosion three lines of defense, the role of water and soil conservation projects were discussed, in order to estimate the amount of sediment moving into the Yellow River. Considering the effects of water and soil conservation projects, climate change, and human activities, for safety purpose, the sediment in the Yellow River used in engineering design should be within the range between 8×108t/a and 12×108t/a, and at l