CHAPTER 2 Water and pH外文学习材料.pdfVIP

CHAPTER 2: Water pH Peter J. Kennelly; Victor W. Rodwell INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to:  Describe the properties of water that account for its surface tension, viscosity, liquid state at ambient temperature, and solvent power.  Use structural formulas to represent several organic compounds that can serve as hydrogen bond donors or acceptors.  Explain the role played by entropy in the orientation, in an aqueous environment, of the polar and nonpolar regions of macromolecules.  Indicate the quantitative contributions of salt bridges, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces to the stability of macromolecules.  Explain the relationship of pH to acidity, alkalinity, and the quantitative determinants that characterize weak and strong acids.  Calculate the shift in pH that accompanies the addition of a given quantity of acid or base to the pH of a buffered solution.  Describe what buffers do, how they do it, and the conditions under which a buffer is most effective under physiologic or other conditions.  Illustrate how the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to calculate the net charge on a polyelectrolyte at a given pH. BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE Water is the predominant chemical component of living organisms. Its unique physical properties, which include the ability to solvate a wide range of organic and inorganic molecules, derive from water’s dipolar structure and exceptional capacity for forming hydrogen bonds. The manner in which water interacts with a solvated biomolecule influences the structure both of the biomolecule and of water itself. An excellent nucleophile, water is a reactant or product in many metabolic reactions. Regulation of water balance depends upon hypothalamic mechanisms that control thirst, on antidiuretic hormone (ADH), on retention or