清华有机化学李艳梅老师课件第15章.ppt

Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids 第十五章 羧酸衍生物 15.1 Structure Nomenclature 15.2 Physical Properties Spectrum Data 15.3 Chemical Reactions 15.4 Fats, Was and Synthetic detergent (learn by yourself) 15.5 Preparation 15.6 Derivatives of carbonic Acid 15.7 Derivatives of Ortho-Acid 15.8 peroxy acid 15.9 Isonitrile 15.10 Sources and Usages of important Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 15.1 羧酸衍生物的结构与命名 15.2 羧酸衍生物物理性质和波谱学性质 15.3 化学性质 15.4 油脂、蜡和合成洗涤剂 15.5 羧酸衍生物的制备 15.6 碳酸衍生物 15.7 原酸衍生物 15.8 过酸和二酰基过酸 15.9 异腈 15.10 重要的羧酸衍生物及羧酸衍生物的来源与用途 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 羧酸衍生物 15.1.2.1 Acyl Halide and Amide 酰卤与酰胺 15.1.2.2 Anhydride and Nitrile 酸酐与腈 15.2 Physical Properties and Spectrum Data Melting Points 熔点 Amides have very high melting points. Melting points increase with increasing number of N-H bonds. Acyl Halide To be irritating and decompose in water strongly. 具有刺激性，遇水剧烈分解。 Anhydride To decompose in water. 遇水分解。 Esters 酯 Esters tend to have sweet smells. 酯一般有芬芳的气息。 Amides 胺 15.2.2 Spectrum Data (Learn on your own) 15.2.2.1 IR Spectroscopy 红外光谱 15.2.2.2 1H NMR Spectroscopy 1H NMR 谱 15.2.2.3 13C NMR Spectroscopy 13C NMR 谱 15.3 Chemical Reactions Reactivity decreases as leaving group becomes more basic. 随着离去基团碱性增大，离去能力降低，反应活性降低。 15.3.1 Hydrolysis of Derivatives of Carboxyl Acid 羧酸衍生物的水解 All carboxylic acid derivatives can be hydrolysed to the parent acid and another product with water. Hydrolysis Mechanisms (In Alkaline Solution) of Ester酯的水解机理（碱性溶液中） Hydrolysis Mechanisms (In Acidic Solution) of Ester: 酯的水解机理（酸性溶液中） AAl1 （酸催化的单分子烷氧断裂） —— 适用于三级醇形成的酯。 15.3.2.1 Alcoholysis of Acyl Halide 酰卤的醇解 15.3.2.2 Alcoholysis of Anhydride 酸酐的醇解 15.3.2.3. Alcoholysis of Ester 酯的醇解 15.3.2.4. Alcoholysis of Amide 酰胺的醇解 Reaction 反应 15.3.3.1 Ammonolysis of Acyl Halide 酰卤的氨解 15.3.3.2. Ammonolysis of Anhydride 酸酐的氨解 15