蛋白质的结构Thestructureofproteins.ppt

RFP GFP 蛋白家族（protein family）：拥有类似的结构和功能的蛋白质的总称。 利用氨基酸序列的相似性，蛋白家族的成员可以很容易被识别 蛋白家族的成员间，其氨基酸序列往往有25％或以上的一致性，共用某些结构，在某些方面行使类似的功能。 有些蛋白家族的成员间，只是共用几个特定的氨基酸残基，这几个氨基酸残基对于它们行使功能是必需的。 很多类似的亚结构（结构域，domain）出现在很多功能不相关的蛋白质中（超家族，superfamily），这些结构折叠成非常稳定的构型。 PDZ domain Linus Pauling émile Zuckerkandl 基本逻辑：如果两种生物的关系密切，那么其基因和蛋白质的序列应该是类似的。 Carl Woese A signature sequence in the EF-1α/EF-Tu protein family. 对于特定蛋白：对蛋白功能必需的氨基酸残基在进化中“保守”，不是特别重要的残基可以在进化过程中被“替换”掉。－－只有某些氨基酸残基的变化是“可以忍受”的。 某些蛋白的氨基酸序列的可变性比其他蛋白强－－蛋白质以不同的“速度”进化。 人与斑马鱼β-tubulin的一级结构比较 Identities = 420/430 (98%), Positives = 426/430 (99%), Gaps = 0/430 (0%) 人与斑马鱼Dscr3的一级结构比较 Identities = 231/297 (78%), Positives = 271/297 (91%), Gaps = 0/297 (0%) 蛋白家族成员间互称同源蛋白。 旁系同源蛋白（paralogs）：指出现于同一种生物中的蛋白家族成员 直系同源蛋白（orthologs）：指出现于不同物种中的蛋白家族成员 序列比对软件所依据的Blosum (blocks substitution matrix) table Some proteins evolve faster than others, or change faster within one group of species than another. A large protein, with many variable amino acid residues, may exhibit a few differences between two closely related species. Smaller protein may be identical in the same two species. For many reasons, some details of an evolutionary tree based on the sequences of one protein may differ from those of a tree based on the sequences of another protein. Frederick Sanger,?OM,?CH,?CBE,?FRS?(/?s???r/) (born 13 August 1918) is a British?biochemist?who was twice the recipient of the?Nobel Prize?for?Chemistry, the only person to have been so. In 1958 he was awarded a Nobel prize in chemistry for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin. In 1980,?Walter Gilbert?and Sanger shared half of the chemistry prize for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids. The other half was awarded to?Paul Berg?for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA. He is the fourth person to have been awarded two?Nobel Prizes, either individually or in tandem with ot