生殖干细胞与重编程.ppt

人的ES细胞形态 * 干细胞多能性和嵌合体 * * 嵌合体小鼠的制备过程 干细胞多能性维持的关键转录因子 * 信号通路与多能性维持 * 远端增强子和近端增强子 * Embryonic stem cells: Challenges Scientists around the world are trying to understand how and why embryonic stem cells produce skin, blood, nerve or any other particular kind of specialized cell. What controls the process so that the stem cells make the right amount of each cell type, at the right time? The big challenge for scientists is to learn how to control these fascinating cells. If we could force embryonic stem cells to make whatever kind of cell we want, then we would have a powerful tool for developing treatments for disease. For example, perhaps we could grow new insulin-producing cells to transplant into a patient with diabetes. But there is a great deal to learn before such therapies can be developed. Scientists also want to use stem cells to: Understand how diseases develop (disease modelling) Test drugs in the laboratory * Tissue stem cells: Where we find them We all have stem cells in our bodies all the time. They are essential for keeping us fit and healthy. They replace cells that are damaged or used up. Scientists are still learning about all the different kinds of tissue stem cells found in our bodies and how they work. * Tissue stem cells: What they can do Tissue stem cells can often make several kinds of specialized cell, but they are more limited than embryonic stem cells. Tissue stem cells can ONLY make the kinds of cell found in the tissue they belong to. So, blood stem cells can only make the different kinds of cell found in the blood. Brain stem cells can only make different types of brain cell. Muscle stem cells can only make muscle cells. And so forth. Scientists say that tissue stem cells are multipotent because they can make multiple types of specialized cell, but NOT all the kinds of cell in your body. * /wiki/File:Stem_cell_treatments.svg 体细胞重编程的四种方式 克隆的伦理问题 治疗性克隆 物种 重编程过程、机制不清 肿瘤 致瘤与重编程 临床标准 Dr. Shinya Yamanaka, PhD Dr. Kazutoshi Takahashi, PhD Na