铁电陶瓷材料及应用.ppt

第一章 铁电陶瓷材料及应用 Developmental History of Ferroelectrics 1940s Birth of ferroelectric ceramics (BaTiO3) 1950s PZT piezoelectric ceramics developed PTC effect in BaTiO3 ceramics 1960s Transparent electro-optic PLZT ceramics 1970s The engineered ferroelectric cpmposites 1980s PMN relaxor ceramics Ferroelectric films prepared by sol-gel techniques 1990s Strain-amplified actuators (Moonie devices, RAINBOW actuators) The integrated ferroelectric ilms on silicon Relaxor single-crystal materials Giant electrostrictive relaxor ferroelectric copolymers Physical effect ? Applications High permittivity ? Capacitors (MLCs) Polarization reversal ? Ferroelectric film memory Pyroelectricity ? Pyroelectric sensors/detectors Electrooptic effect ? Electrooptic devices Piezoelectricity ? Piezoelectric/electrostrictive transducers PTC effect ? PTC thermistors Typical ferroelectric ceramics BT Barium titanate PZT Lead zirconate titanate PLZT Lead lanthanum zirconate titanate PMN Lead magnesium niobate PT Lead titanate PZN Lead zinc niobate PZST Lead stannate zirconate titanate PZ Lead zirconate BST Barium strontium titanate §1.1 铁电体的基本物理特性 1 自发极化与铁电体 诱导极化：E≠0 ? P 基本介电关系 各向同性的线性电介质, P = ??0E, ?---电介质的极化率 D = ?0E+P, 适用于各类电介质 D = ?E, 适用于各向同性线性电介质 电子位移极化, 响应时间10-14?10-16s 可见光频段, ?e ? a3 离子位移极化, 10-12?10-13s, 微波频段，?I = ? a3 偶极子取向极化, ?? = ?02/3KT 空间电荷极化 电极化的微观机制 自发极化：在某些极性晶体中, E ＝ 0 ? P， 如: 在钙钛矿结构中，自发极化起因于[BO6]中中心离子的位移 极性点群: 1, 2, m, 2mm, 4, 4mm, 3, 3m, 6, 6mm Ps 可用电滞回线仪,或通过热释电流测得 一般, 铁电体, Ps = 0.1-100?C/cm2 BaTiO3 Ps ~ 25 ?C/cm2 ro+rTi = 1.96? O-Ti = 2.005? 热释电体 (Pyroelectrics): 具有自发极化的晶体--极性晶体 热释电效应: dPi = pi dT (i = 1,2,3) pi ----热释电系数, 单位: C/m2.K 大多数晶体的Ps随温度的增加而下降,热释点系数为负 在热释电体中, 高度极化状态, Ps 很高, 外场难以改变Ps方向 少数, 在 E 作用下 Ps 可重新定向----铁电体 铁电体 (Ferroelectrics) : Ps E ? Ps 重行定向-----铁电体的最重要判据------铁电体具有许多独特性质的主要原因