基因簇和基因重复.pptVIP

* * Part 1. Genes and genomes Chapter 4 Clusters and repeats 基因簇和重复序列 A gene family consists of a set of genes whose exons are related; the members were derived by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. A translocation is a rearrangement in which part of a chromosome is detached by breakage or aberrant recombination and then becomes attached to some other chromosome. A gene cluster is a group of adjacent genes that are identical or related. 4.1?Introduction ? Nonreciprocal recombination?不等交换(unequal crossing-over) results from an error in pairing and crossing-over in which nonequivalent sites are involved in a recombination event. It produces one recombinant with a deletion of material and one with a duplicatio造成一个缺失一个重复. Satellite DNA?(Simple-sequence DNA) 卫星DNAconsists of many tandem repeats (identical or related) of a short basic repeating unit. MinisatelliteDNAs小卫星 DNAconsist of ~10 copies of a short repeating sequence. the length of the repeating unit is measured in 10s of base pairs. The number of repeats varies between individual genomes. 4.1?Introduction ? Figure?6.1?? Unequal crossing-over results from pairing between non-equivalent repeats in regions of DNA consisting of repeating units. 4.1?Introduction ? 4.2?Gene duplication is a major force in evolution ? Figure?6.2?? After a gene has been duplicated, differences may accumulate between the copies. The genes may acquire different functions or one of the copies may become inactive. Duplicated genes may diverge to generate different genes or one copy may become inactive. 4.3?Globin clusters are formed by duplication and divergence ? Figure?6.3??Each of the α-like and β-like globin gene families is organized into a single cluster that includes functional genes and pseudogenes. The best characterized example of a gene cluster is presented by the globin 球蛋白genes, which constitute an ancient gene family, concerned with a function that is central to the animal kingdom: the transport of