GRE阅读36套第一套翻译解析.docVIP

【Passage 1】 Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. 与博弈论有着紧密联系的是特定寄生蜂种群中的性别比例，该种群有着大量的雌蜂。 In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. 在这些种群中，受精卵发展成为雌蜂，而未受精的卵发展成为雄蜂。 A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.T2答案的依据 T2答案的依据 雌蜂储存精子，并通过受精与否决定每个卵的性别。 By Fisher‘s genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. 通过F的遗传论据，性别比例将会倾向于那些将后代数量最大化的个体，并因此大量的基因复制得以被传输。而这应该会使得雌蜂生产等量的雌雄幼体。 Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. H认为，蜂卵将在它们寄主-其他昆虫的幼虫中进行发育， 新长成的成年蜂会立即进行交配并分散开。 Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. 由于只有雌蜂会在特定的幼虫中产卵，这将使它只生产一只雄性蜂，因为在紧急情况下，该雄峰可以使其姊妹得以受精。 Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategyT1 答案的依据T3 答案的依据, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was T1 答案的依据 T3 答案的依据 与F一样，H寻找一种进化稳定的策略，但他比公认他只是在寻找一种策略更进一步。 （T1）C The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists： 作者认为F和H的工作相似是因为两个科学家都： conducted their research at approximately the same time 在相同的时间得出相似的结论。 sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied 寻找操控他们研究的某些动物的性别比例的方法。 sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable 寻找对于为什么特定性别比例能够存在并保持稳定的原因。 studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory 研究博弈论，从而为后面策略理论的发展提供重要依据。 studied reproduction in the same animal species