9.黏膜免疫研究生.ppt

Infection by Clostridium difficile. Treatment with antibiotics causes massive death of the commensal bacteria that normally colonize the colon. This allows pathogenic bacteria to proliferate and to occupy an ecological niche that is normally occupied by harmless commensal bacteria. Clostridium difficile is an example of a pathogen producing toxins that can cause severe bloody diarrhea in patients treated with antibiotics. 病原体感染与宿主免疫反应之间的消长决定了感染的结局 Shigella flexneri, a cause of bacterial dysentery, infects intestinal epithelial cells, triggering activation of the NF?B pathway. Shigella flexneri binds to M cells and is translocated beneath the gut epithelium (first panel). The bacteria infect intestinal epithelial cells from their basal surface and are released into the cytoplasm (second panel). Muramyl tripeptides containing diaminopimelic acid in the cell walls of the shigellae bind to and oligomerize the protein NOD1. Oligomerized NOD1 binds the serine/ threonine kinase RIPK2, which triggers activation of the NF?B pathway , leading to the transcription of genes for chemokines and cytokines (third panel). Activated epithelial cells release the chemokine CXCL8, which acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant (fourth panel). I?B, inhibitor of NF?B; I?K, I?B kinase. 针对共生菌的免疫应答与肠道疾病 Mucosal dendritic cells regulate the induction of tolerance and immunity in the intestine. Under normal conditions (left panels), dendritic cells are present in the mucosa underlying the epithelium and can acquire antigens from foods or commensal organisms. They take these antigens to the draining mesenteric lymph node, where they present them to naive CD4 T cells. There is, however, constitutive production by epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells of molecules such as TGF-?, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which maintain the local dendritic cells in a quiescent state with low levels of co-stimulatory molecules, so that when they present antigen to naive CD4 T ce