外科学总论英文名词解释-专业汇总.doc

isotonic dehydration occurs when the fluid lost is isotonic with serum, as in sweating, simple enteritis, nephrosis. There are therefore no errors of electrolyte balance likely to result. The concentration of sodium is in the normal range. hypotonic dehydration occurs when there is loss of both sodium and fluid .The serum sodium level falls below 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal. hypertonic dehydration A condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body，which there is less electrolyte loss than water.The serum sodium level is over 135mmol/L and the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is lower than normal. water intoxication/dilutional hyponatremia an increase in the volume of free water in the body. Common causes are excessive ingestion of water, increased infusions of hypotonic IV solutions, or excess secretions of antidiuretic hormone(ADH). Clinical manifestations are abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and dizziness. It can potentially lead to convulsions and coma. hypokalemia an abnormally low serum potassium level(3.5mmol/L). Hypokalemia may occur in metabolic alkalosis, chronic diarrhea, Cushing syndrome, primary aldosteronism, and excessive use of cortisone, or ACTH. hyperkalemia abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood(above 5.5mmol/L), most often due to defective renal excretion, as in kidney disease, severe and extensive burns, intestinal obstruction, diabetes mellitus, acute renal failure and hypoadrenocorticism. metabolic acidosis Decreased pH(below 7.35) and bicarbonate concentration of the body fluids caused either by the accumulation of excess acids stronger than carbonic acid or by abnormal losses of bicarbonate from the body. metabolic alkalosis An increase in the alkalinity of body fluids due to an increase in alkali intake or a decrease in acid concentration, as from vomiting. pH is over 7.45. respiratory acidosis Acidosis that is caused by retention of carbon diox